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    July 8, 2024

    Spain | Deficits so similar and so different

    By the end of 2024, the public deficit is expected to finish at levels similar to those of 2019. However, this apparent similarity hides profound differences in the composition of revenues and expenses.

    April 22, 2024

    Europe | Electricity bills fall, but less than wholesale prices

    Retail electricity prices are adjusted in response to fluctuations in wholesale markets, shaped by the regulatory policies of each country and, where relevant, consumer willingness to pay a premium to mitigate price volatility.

    September 26, 2023

    Spain | Financing of the autonomous communities under the common system, 2002–2021

    This Working Paper analyzes the changes in the definitive financing of the autonomous communities under the common system from 2002 to 2021.

    July 20, 2022

    Spain | The effects of a new tax on banks

    A specific tax on banks leads to an equilibrium with less credit and a higher cost, lower growth in activity and employment, and lower revenues than initially expected.

    July 16, 2020

    Spain | Ensuring budgetary stability in light of the COVID-19 crisis

    The COVID-19 crisis will cause an unprecedented deterioration in public finances, which will dwarf even the deficit and debt levels seen during the Great Recession. It is essential that Spain emerges from the crisis in a position to resume the path of convergence with the most advanced European countries.